<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>ANGLO-SIKH WAR II (1848-49)</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279ANGLO-SIKH WAR II (1848-49), which resulted in the abrogation of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab, was virtually a campaign by the victors of the first Anglo-Sikh war (1945-46) and since then the <i>de facto</i> rulers of the State finally to overcome the resistance of some of the <i>sard&#257rs</i> who chafed at the defeat in the earlier war which, they believed, had been lost owing to the treachery on the part of the commanders at the top and not to any lack of fighting strength of the Sikh army. It marked also the fulfilment of the imperialist ambition of the new governor-general, Lord Dalhousie (1848-56), to carry forward the British flag up to the natural boundary of India on the northwest. According to the peace settlement of March 1846, at the end of Anglo-Sikh war I, the British force in Lahore was to be withdrawn at the end of the year, but a severer treaty was imposed on the Sikhs before the expiry of that date. Sir Henry Hardinge, the then governor-general, had his Agent, Frederick Currie, persuade the Lahore Darb&#257r to request the British for the continuance of the troops in Lahore. According to the treaty which was consequently signed at Bharov&#257l on 16 December 1846, Henry Lawrence was appointed Resident with "full authority to direct and control all matters in every department of the State. " A Council of Regency, consisting of the nominees of the Resident and headed by Tej Si&#7749gh, was appointed. The power to make changes in its personnel vested in the Resident. Under another clause the British could maintain as many troops in the Punjab as they thought necessary for the preservation of peace and order. This treaty was to remain in operation until the minor Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Duleep Si&#7749gh attained the age of 16. By a proclamation issued in July 1847, the governor-general further enhanced the powers of the Resident.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀伀渀 ㈀㌀ 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㠀㐀㜀Ⰰ 匀椀爀 䠀攀渀爀礀 䠀愀爀搀椀渀最攀 眀爀漀琀攀 琀漀 䠀攀渀爀礀 䰀愀眀爀攀渀挀攀 㨀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<blockquote class="C1"><p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In all our measures taken during the minority we must bear in mind that by the treaty of Lahore, March 1846, the Punjab never was intended to be an independent State. By the clause I added the chief of the State can neither make war or peace, or exchange or sell an acre of territory or admit a European officer, or refuse us a thoroughfare through his territories, or, in fact, perform any act without our permission. In fact the native Prince is in fetters, and under our protection and must do our bidding.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the words of British historian John Clark Marshman, "an officer of the Company's artillery became, in fact, the successor to Ranjit Singh. " The Sikhs resented this gradual liquidation of their authority in the Punjab. The new government at Lahore became totally unpopular. The abolition of <i>j&#257g&#299rs</i> in the Jalandhar Do&#257b and changes introduced in the system of land revenue and its collection angered the landed classes. Mah&#257r&#257&#7751&#299 Jind Kaur, who was described by Lord Dalhousie as the only woman in the Punjab with manly understanding and in whom the British Resident foresaw a rallying point for the well-wishers of the Sikh dynasty, was kept under close surveillance. Henry Lawrence laid down that she could not receive in audience more than five or six <i>sard&#257rs</i> in a month and that she remain in <i>purdah</i> like the ladies of the royal families of Nepal, Jodhpur and Jaipur.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㠀㐀㠀Ⰰ 䠀攀渀爀礀 䰀愀眀爀攀渀挀攀 琀漀漀欀 氀攀愀瘀攀 漀昀 愀戀猀攀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀瘀攀氀氀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 栀漀洀攀 眀椀琀栀 䰀漀爀搀 䠀愀爀搀椀渀最攀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀搀 栀椀猀 琀攀爀洀 椀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 眀愀猀 爀攀瀀氀愀挀攀搀 戀礀 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 䌀甀爀爀椀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䔀愀爀氀 漀昀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀攀眀 爀攀最椀洀攀 挀漀渀昀爀漀渀琀攀搀 愀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀 漀昀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 愀猀 愀渀 攀砀挀甀猀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀攀砀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 愀琀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀攀瘀礀 瀀愀礀愀戀氀攀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀Ⰰ 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䴀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀Ⰰ 眀栀漀Ⰰ 昀椀渀搀椀渀最 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 甀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 挀漀洀瀀氀礀Ⰰ 爀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 栀椀猀 漀昀昀椀挀攀⸀ 䘀爀攀搀攀爀椀挀欀 䌀甀爀爀椀攀 愀瀀瀀漀椀渀琀攀搀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀 愀渀搀 猀攀渀琀 栀椀洀 琀漀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀眀漀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀Ⰰ 倀⸀ 䄀⸀ 嘀愀渀猀 䄀最渀攀眀 愀渀搀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀 䄀渀搀攀爀猀漀渀Ⰰ 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 挀栀愀爀最攀 昀爀漀洀 䴀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀礀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 愀琀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 漀渀 ㄀㠀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㠀㐀㠀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 瘀愀挀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䘀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 洀愀搀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 欀攀礀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 䐀愀爀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀⸀ 䈀甀琀 栀椀猀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 爀攀戀攀氀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 眀攀爀攀 猀攀琀 甀瀀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀愀洀瀀 愀渀搀 欀椀氀氀攀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 漀甀琀戀爀攀愀欀⸀ 匀漀洀攀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 攀猀挀漀爀琀 搀攀猀攀爀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 䴀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀✀猀 愀爀洀礀⸀ 䌀甀爀爀椀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀猀 愀琀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 漀渀 ㈀㄀ 䄀瀀爀椀氀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 搀攀氀愀礀攀搀 愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 琀栀攀 䴀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀 琀漀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 昀漀爀 昀椀瘀攀 洀漀渀琀栀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀愀氀 眀愀猀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 琀漀 瀀爀漀瘀漀欀攀 匀椀欀栀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 刀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀 搀椀搀 栀椀猀 戀攀猀琀 琀漀 昀愀渀 琀栀攀 昀氀愀洀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀戀攀氀氀椀漀渀⸀ 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䨀椀渀搀 䬀愀甀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀渀 甀渀搀攀爀 搀攀琀攀渀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䘀漀爀琀 漀昀 匀栀攀椀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀瀀甀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 攀砀椀氀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 匀栀攀 眀愀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 琀漀 䘀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀漀稀瀀甀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀挀攀 琀漀 䈀愀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀愀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 搀漀洀椀渀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䠀攀爀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 愀氀氀漀眀愀渀挀攀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀爀攀愀琀礀 漀昀 䈀栀愀爀漀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 昀椀砀攀搀 愀琀 漀渀攀 愀渀搀 愀 栀愀氀昀 氀愀欀栀 漀昀 爀甀瀀攀攀猀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 爀攀搀甀挀攀搀 琀漀 琀眀攀氀瘀攀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀⸀ 䠀攀爀 樀攀眀攀氀氀攀爀礀 眀漀爀琀栀 昀椀昀琀礀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 漀昀 爀甀瀀攀攀猀 眀愀猀 昀漀爀昀攀椀琀攀搀㬀 猀漀 眀愀猀 栀攀爀 挀愀猀栀 愀洀漀甀渀琀椀渀最 琀漀 愀 氀愀欀栀 愀渀搀 愀 栀愀氀昀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀甀洀椀氀椀愀琀椀渀最 琀爀攀愀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 搀攀攀瀀 爀攀猀攀渀琀洀攀渀琀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䔀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀昀 䄀昀最栀愀渀椀猀琀愀渀Ⰰ 䄀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀 䐀漀猀琀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀琀攀猀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀Ⰰ 猀愀礀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 ∀猀甀挀栀 琀爀攀愀琀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 漀戀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 愀氀氀 挀爀攀攀搀猀⸀ ∀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Meanwhile, Lieutenant Herbert Edwardes, the Resident's Assistant at Bann&#363, having heard of the Mult&#257n revolt, began raising levies from among the Pa&#7789h&#257n mercenaries, and after summoning Van Cortlandt, the local Lahore commander, marched on Mult&#257n and called upon the rebels to submit. Although the British Resident approved of Edwardes' conduct, Lord Dalhousie was furious at the audacity of a "subaltern officer" to invest Mult&#257n without any authority and offer terms to M&#363l R&#257j. He was severely reprimanded and ordered not to extend his operations any further. However, Edwardes was not discouraged and ignoring these orders, he crossed the Indus on 14 June; four days later, he inflicted a crushing defeat on M&#363l R&#257j's forces at Kiner&#299. Edwardes' action turned Sikh national sentiment in favour of M&#363l R&#257j and there was restiveness among the troops. British forces began to be moved towards the frontier. The Lahore garrison was reinforced; likewise more regiments reached Amb&#257l&#257 and F&#299rozpur. By June 1848, an army had been assembled at the frontier - 11, 740 men in the B&#257r&#299 Do&#257b, 9, 430 in the Jalandhar Do&#257b; in all 21, 170 men ready to go into action against Mult&#257n to quell what was no more than a local rising. Meanwhile, Captain James Abbott, the Resident's assistant at Haz&#257r&#257, suspecting that Sard&#257r Chatar Si&#7749gh A&#7789&#257r&#299v&#257l&#257, the governor of the province, had been hatching a conspiracy to lead a general Sikh uprising against the British, charged him with treason and cut off all communication with him and marched against him the Muslim peasantry and tribal mercenaries. Captain Nicholson who conducted an enquiry into Abbott's allegations, exonerated Chatar Si&#7749gh of the charge of treason, but offered him terms which amounted to his virtual dismissal and the confiscation of his <i>j&#257g&#299rs</i>. Chatar Si&#7749gh rejected these. Abbott's treatment of Chatar Si&#7749gh, a chief of eminence and position since Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh's time and whose daughter was betrothed to the young Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Duleep Si&#7749gh, was humiliating. Chatar Si&#7749gh's son, R&#257j&#257 Sher Si&#7749gh, who had steadfastly fought on the side of Herbert Edwardes against D&#299w&#257n M&#363l R&#257j, was greatly exercised, and he joined hands with the D&#299w&#257n's force on 14 September 1848.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 洀愀搀攀 愀 瀀愀猀猀椀漀渀愀琀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀氀 琀漀 栀椀猀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀洀攀渀 眀愀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀愀琀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀眀愀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 愀渀搀 椀渀瘀椀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 琀漀 樀漀椀渀 栀椀猀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 椀渀 愀 昀椀渀愀氀 戀椀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀猀攀爀瘀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀⸀ 䴀愀渀礀 漀氀搀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀爀洀礀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀氀 愀渀搀 氀攀昀琀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀洀攀猀 琀漀 爀愀氀氀礀 爀漀甀渀搀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 䴀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀Ⰰ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䌀栀愀琀愀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀猀 漀昀 匀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 甀渀挀漀渀挀攀愀氀攀搀 瀀氀攀愀猀甀爀攀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 椀琀 栀愀搀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 洀愀琀琀攀爀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀爀椀猀椀猀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 栀愀搀 昀漀爀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀眀愀椀琀椀渀最⸀ 䄀琀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 戀愀渀焀甀攀琀 漀渀 㔀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㠀㐀㠀 愀琀 䈀愀爀爀愀挀欀瀀漀爀攀 ⠀䌀愀氀挀甀琀琀愀⤀Ⰰ 栀攀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀搀 㨀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<blockquote class="C1"><p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Unwarned by precedents, uninfluenced by example, the Sikh nation has called for war, and, on my word, Sirs, they shall have it with a vengeance. . . . We are now not on the eve but in the midst of war with the Sikh nation and the kingdom of the Punjab. . . . I have drawn the sword, and have thrown away the scabbard, both in relation to the war immediately before us, and to the stern policy which that war must precede and establish.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀戀氀漀挀欀焀甀漀琀攀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Resident at Lahore found this position legally indefensible and practically untenable. He and his staff were there to superintend and aid the administration of the Sikh State and to look after the interests of the ruler, Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Duleep Si&#7749gh, during the period of his minority. The Lahore Darb&#257r and the Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 had supported the Resident in all his efforts to deal with the situation in Mult&#257n and Haz&#257r&#257. Still the British armies were marched without an open declaration of war towards the Punjab. Lord Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief, left his headquarters at Shiml&#257 towards the end of October and a huge army was assembled at F&#299rozpur in the beginning of November. The army consisted of four columns. Lord Gough personally commanded 22 infantry divisions (14, 419 men), a cavalry division (3, 369 horse) and an artillery division with 66 guns, including ten 18-pounder batteries and six 8-inch howitzers drawn by elephants. In addition, there were 6 troops of horse artillery and 3 light and 2 heavy field batteries. Its total strength amounted to 24, 404 men (6, 396 Europeans). At Lahore, General Wheeler's Occupation Force of 10, 000 men held firmly the capital of the Sikhs. In front of the citadel of Mult&#257n was the Ist Infantry Division under Major-General Whish. The arrival of the Bombay column under Brigadier-General Henry Dundas had augmented its strength to over 21, 000 men of all arms. In addition 5, 300 men of the Lahore infantry were under British control at Mult&#257n. This brought the total regular force at the disposal of Major-General Whish at Mult&#257n to 26, 300 men. Besides, there were irregular Muslim levies and mercenaries raised by the British to fight the Sikhs. Taken in all these and other troops at Haz&#257r&#257, Pesh&#257war, Bann&#363, Gobindga&#7771h, Jalandhar and Hoshi&#257rpur added up to the total of 1, 04, 666 men-61, 366 of regular British army, 5, 300 of the Lahore army and 38, 000 irregular troops; 13, 524 cavalry, 123 field and 22 heavy guns, all deployed at various points in the Punjab.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 渀甀洀攀爀椀挀愀氀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 洀甀挀栀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀✀猀 搀攀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀猀 攀渀甀洀攀爀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 昀漀爀挀攀 愀琀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀渀愀最愀爀 愀渀搀 䌀栀攀氀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㌀　Ⰰ 　　　 愀渀搀 㐀　Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 愀琀 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀 㘀　Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 㘀　 最甀渀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 昀椀最甀爀攀猀 愀爀攀 栀椀最栀氀礀 攀砀愀最最攀爀愀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀爀洀礀 漀昀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀愀猀 戀爀漀欀攀渀 甀瀀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀琀猀 挀愀瀀椀琀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 匀愀戀栀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㐀㘀⸀ 䤀琀猀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 搀椀猀戀愀渀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀Ⰰ 椀琀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀猀 搀椀猀挀栀愀爀最攀搀 漀爀 眀漀渀 漀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀漀爀挀攀 爀攀搀甀挀攀搀 琀漀 猀琀愀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀 猀欀攀氀攀琀漀渀 愀爀洀礀 漀昀 ㈀㔀 戀愀琀琀愀氀椀漀渀猀 ⠀㈀　Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀⤀ 愀渀搀 ㄀㈀Ⰰ 　　　 栀漀爀猀攀 瀀攀爀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 琀爀攀愀琀礀 漀昀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㠀㐀㘀 眀愀猀 愀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 昀漀爀挀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀攀搀 琀漀 昀愀爀ⴀ昀氀甀渀最 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀猀 昀漀爀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 搀甀琀礀⸀ 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 栀愀搀 愀 最愀爀爀椀猀漀渀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 㘀Ⰰ 㔀　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀 漀昀 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀 䘀漀爀琀 ㈀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 䠀愀稀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 䈀愀渀渀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 愀渀搀 ☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㠀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀欀 ㄀Ⰰ ㌀　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 䄀琀琀漀挀欀 㜀　　 洀攀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䬀漀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀 㔀　　 洀攀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 猀洀愀氀氀 瀀漀猀琀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The contingents of the Lahore army which joined the rebels were those of Haz&#257ra, Pesh&#257war, &#7788o&#7749k and Bann&#363, Koh&#257&#7789, and Attock - 9, 400 men, inclusive of the force of Sher Si&#7749gh at Mult&#257n (900 infantry and 3, 400 horse). Allowing that 3, 000 men stationed at various isolated places throughout the Punjab could get through and join the rebels in the north, the regular Sikh force could scarcely have exceeded 13, 000 men and 9, 000 horse. Disbanded Sikh soldiers and the freelance who flocked round the banner did not exceed 10, 000 men. The disbanded soldiery merely augmented the numerical strength of the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257; it had few generals and fewer arms and no means of procurement of arms and supplies. The total strength thus could not have been more than 23, 000 men and 12, 000 horse.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀 漀渀 㤀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 愀渀搀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 漀渀 ㄀㌀ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀⸀ 䴀漀瘀椀渀最 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 刀愀挀栀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀Ⰰ 栀攀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 愀琀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀渀愀最愀爀 漀渀 ㈀㈀ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀⸀ 匀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀 眀愀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 戀愀渀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀椀瘀攀爀 䌀栀攀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀⸀ 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀愀洀瀀戀攀氀氀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 ㌀爀搀 䤀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 ⠀㠀Ⰰ ㄀㜀㄀ 洀攀渀⤀ 眀愀猀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 漀甀琀 琀漀 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀攀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 昀漀爀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瘀椀挀椀渀椀琀礀 漀昀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀渀愀最愀爀㬀 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀甀爀攀琀漀渀 椀渀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀椀攀搀 䌀愀洀瀀戀攀氀氀✀猀 昀漀爀挀攀⸀ 伀渀 愀爀爀椀瘀愀氀 愀琀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀渀愀最愀爀Ⰰ 䌀愀洀瀀戀攀氀氀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 昀漀爀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 猀椀搀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀⸀ 䌀甀爀攀琀漀渀 栀愀搀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 戀甀琀 渀漀 最甀渀猀㬀 栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 甀渀搀攀爀 䌀漀氀漀渀攀氀 䰀愀渀攀 琀漀 漀瘀攀爀琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 眀椀琀栀搀爀愀眀椀渀最 匀椀欀栀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 猀愀渀搀礀 爀椀瘀攀爀戀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 洀攀琀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 戀愀渀欀 漀瀀攀渀攀搀 甀瀀 眀椀琀栀 搀椀猀愀猀琀爀漀甀猀 攀昀昀攀挀琀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䰀愀渀攀 栀愀猀琀椀氀礀 眀椀琀栀搀爀攀眀 琀栀攀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 氀攀愀瘀椀渀最 戀攀栀椀渀搀 愀 栀攀愀瘀礀 最甀渀 愀渀搀 琀眀漀 愀洀洀甀渀椀琀椀漀渀 眀愀最漀渀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀⸀ 匀甀搀搀攀渀氀礀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀氀甀洀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀椀瘀攀爀 甀渀搀攀爀 挀漀瘀攀爀 漀昀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 䰀椀最栀琀 䐀爀愀最漀漀渀猀 眀栀漀 氀攀搀 愀 猀焀甀愀爀搀漀渀 椀渀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 漀昀 䰀愀渀攀✀猀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 眀愀猀 猀栀漀琀 搀攀愀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀栀愀爀最攀 昀愀椀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 氀漀猀琀 㤀　 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀渀 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀甀爀攀琀漀渀 愀渀搀 䰀椀攀甀琀攀渀愀渀琀ⴀ䌀漀氀漀渀攀氀 䠀愀瘀攀氀漀挀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ㄀㐀　 栀漀爀猀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀渀愀最愀爀 眀愀猀 愀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀 戀氀愀洀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 䌀愀洀瀀戀攀氀氀 愀渀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 ∀猀愀搀 愀昀昀愀椀爀∀ 昀爀漀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 ∀琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 渀漀 漀戀樀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀漀 戀攀 最愀椀渀攀搀⸀ ∀ 䜀漀甀最栀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 挀氀愀椀洀攀搀 椀琀 愀猀 愀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀⸀ ∀吀栀攀 攀渀攀洀礀Ⰰ ∀ 栀攀 愀渀渀漀甀渀挀攀搀 椀渀 愀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 伀爀搀攀爀Ⰰ ∀眀愀猀 猀椀最渀愀氀氀礀 漀瘀攀爀琀栀爀漀眀渀 漀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 漀挀挀愀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀渀氀礀 猀愀瘀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 甀琀琀攀爀 愀渀渀椀栀椀氀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀氀椀最栀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀瘀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 最甀渀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀攀 戀愀渀欀⸀ ∀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For about a week after the British reverse, the two armies faced each other across the river. Lord Gough waited impatiently for the heavy guns to arrive. On 30 November, he detached a force under Major-General Thackwell across the river to take the Sikh army in the flank; another brigade of infantry under Brigadier Godby was ordered to ford the river 10 km from R&#257mnagar to support Thackwell's force. Across the river, at the principal ford 3 km from R&#257mnagar, Sher Si&#7749gh's entire force, now risen to 12, 000 men and 28 guns, lay strongly entrenched. Thackwell's force moved about 30 km up the river to Waz&#299r&#257b&#257d and made the crossing, while Godby's brigade had crossed the river 25 km below. At midday on 3 December Thackwell arrived at Sadull&#257pur barely 6 km from the Sikh encampment. The Sikhs realized the imminent danger to their flanks and rear. The heavy Sikh artillery opened fire at Thackwell's position, while the Sikh cavalry barred the passage of Godby's force which failed to join up with his troops. At dusk, the entire Sikh army crossed over to the left bank of the river. Sher Si&#7749gh's action nullified the British manoeuvre; it also made it possible for Chatar Si&#7749gh's force to join him. The British General claimed a victory without a battle. He reported a meagre loss of 40 men at Sadull&#257pur, and claimed that the army under his command had upheld the tradition of valour. The Sikhs, he reported, were in full retreat, leaving behind some 60 boats which had been captured.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀渀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 挀椀爀挀氀攀猀 椀渀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 眀愀猀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀氀礀 挀愀猀琀椀最愀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 氀愀挀欀 漀昀 搀爀椀瘀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀椀瘀攀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀 漀瀀攀渀氀礀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 栀椀洀 眀椀琀栀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀攀琀攀渀挀礀 愀渀搀 戀氀愀洀攀搀 栀椀洀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 攀渀漀爀洀漀甀猀 氀漀猀猀攀猀⸀ 唀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 猀栀愀搀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀搀瘀攀爀猀攀 猀琀爀椀挀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 昀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䌀栀攀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 漀渀 ㄀㌀ 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㠀㐀㤀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀洀礀 ㄀㈀Ⰰ 　　　 猀琀爀漀渀最 眀愀猀 搀爀愀眀渀 椀渀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 愀爀爀愀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀渀猀攀 樀甀渀最氀攀 椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀椀爀 栀攀愀瘀礀 最甀渀猀 戀攀愀爀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 䌀栀攀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 刀椀瘀攀爀 䨀攀栀氀甀洀⸀ 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 瀀爀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 攀渀挀愀洀瀀洀攀渀琀 眀攀爀攀 爀甀搀攀氀礀 椀渀琀攀爀爀甀瀀琀攀搀 戀礀 猀栀愀爀瀀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 昀椀爀攀⸀ 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 栀攀猀椀琀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀猀琀愀渀琀氀礀 搀爀攀眀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 栀攀愀瘀礀 ㄀㠀ⴀ瀀漀甀渀搀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 㠀ⴀ椀渀挀栀 栀漀眀椀琀稀攀爀猀㬀 䴀愀樀漀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀✀猀 ㈀渀搀 䤀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 ⠀㔀Ⰰ ㈀㐀㠀 洀攀渀⤀ 眀愀猀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 昀氀愀渀欀攀搀 戀礀 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀 倀漀瀀攀✀猀 ㈀渀搀 䌀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 䈀爀椀最愀搀攀 愀渀搀 ㄀㐀琀栀 䰀椀最栀琀 䐀爀愀最漀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⸀ 吀漀 琀栀攀 氀攀昀琀 眀愀猀 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䌀愀洀瀀戀攀氀氀✀猀 ㌀爀搀 䤀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 ⠀㠀Ⰰ ㄀㜀㄀ 洀攀渀⤀ 昀氀愀渀欀攀搀 戀礀 圀栀椀琀攀✀猀 䤀猀琀 䌀愀瘀愀氀爀礀 䈀爀椀最愀搀攀 愀渀搀 ㌀ 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀昀 栀漀爀猀攀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The British guns started firing upon the Sikh centre. The density of the jungle made it impossible to preserve order and formation and the British brigades and regiments got separated from one another. The ground proved unsuitable for cavalry action, and the artillery failed to provide cover. Sikhs fought with determination and their artillery took a heavy toll. The British infantrymen were mowed down by fire from Sikh musketry, and the successive onslaughts of the Sikh <i>gho&#7771cha&#7771&#257s</i> broke the British cavalry line. While Campbell's charge failed to dislodge the Sikhs, the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 horsemen swept the field like lightning raising vociferous <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 war-cries.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀渀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀最愀搀椀攀爀 倀攀渀渀礀挀甀椀挀欀✀猀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 洀漀瘀椀渀最 椀渀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 樀甀渀最氀攀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 爀漀甀琀攀搀 戀礀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 昀氀攀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀瘀攀 昀椀爀攀 漀昀 猀栀漀琀 愀渀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 氀攀愀瘀椀渀最 戀攀栀椀渀搀 渀攀愀爀氀礀 栀愀氀昀 愀 爀攀最椀洀攀渀琀 眀栀椀挀栀 昀愀挀攀搀 琀漀琀愀氀 搀攀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 搀椀猀愀猀琀攀爀 戀攀昀攀氀氀 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀✀猀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀氀琀攀搀 椀渀 甀琀琀攀爀 戀攀眀椀氀搀攀爀洀攀渀琀 眀栀攀渀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 戀漀搀礀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀猀 猀甀爀爀漀甀渀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 ㈀渀搀 䤀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀⸀ 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀✀猀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 栀愀搀 渀攀椀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀瘀攀爀 漀昀 最甀渀猀 渀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 漀昀 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀ⴀ琀漀ⴀ栀愀渀搀 昀椀最栀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀爀椀最愀搀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀瀀甀氀猀攀搀 愀渀搀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 戀愀挀欀 眀椀琀栀 栀攀愀瘀礀 氀漀猀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 氀愀猀琀攀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 栀漀甀爀猀 眀栀攀渀 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 愀爀洀礀 琀漀 爀攀琀爀攀愀琀⸀ 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 挀愀猀甀愀氀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀洀漀甀渀琀攀搀 琀漀 ㈀Ⰰ 㐀㐀㘀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 ㄀㌀㈀ 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 昀漀甀爀 最甀渀猀 氀漀猀琀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The British commander-in-chief claimed a victory, which claim the governor-general scornfully dubbed as "perhaps poetical. " "We have gained a victory, " he observed ruefully, "like that of the ancients; it is such a one that 'another such would ruin us. ' "There was an outburst of popular indignation in England and Gough was squarely blamed for the defeat of the British. Military experts at home described him as a "superannuated general who could not mount his horse without assistance. " It was decided to retire Lord Gough and replace him by Sir Charles Napier. In the meantime, however, Mult&#257n fell and D&#299w&#257n M&#363l R&#257j surrendered to Major-General Whish on 22 January 1849.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 爀攀瀀愀椀爀攀搀 栀椀猀 爀攀瀀甀琀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀 昀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀 ㈀㄀ 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㠀㐀㤀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀洀礀 栀愀搀 爀攀最爀漀甀瀀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀欀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䨀攀栀氀甀洀⸀ 伀渀 ㄀㔀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀Ⰰ 椀琀 愀爀爀椀瘀攀搀 愀琀 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀 眀栀攀爀攀 䌀栀愀琀愀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 昀漀爀挀攀 愀渀搀 愀渀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 挀漀渀琀椀渀最攀渀琀 漀昀 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 栀漀爀猀攀 甀渀搀攀爀 䄀欀爀愀洀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 攀渀挀椀爀挀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀漀眀渀⸀ 伀渀 ㄀㌀ 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀Ⰰ 䴀愀樀漀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 圀栀椀猀栀✀猀 䤀猀琀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 ⠀㄀㌀Ⰰ 㐀　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 ㌀　 瀀椀攀挀攀猀 漀昀 栀攀愀瘀礀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⤀ 樀漀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 昀漀爀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀漀洀戀愀礀 挀漀氀甀洀渀 ⠀㄀㈀Ⰰ ㄀　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 挀愀瘀愀氀爀礀⤀ 樀漀椀渀攀搀 愀 昀攀眀 搀愀礀猀 氀愀琀攀爀⸀ 吀栀甀猀 愀猀猀甀爀攀搀 漀昀 愀渀 漀瘀攀爀眀栀攀氀洀椀渀最 猀甀瀀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 栀攀愀瘀礀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀Ⰰ 䰀漀爀搀 䜀漀甀最栀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀 昀漀爀眀愀爀搀 愀渀搀 爀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 愀 昀攀眀 搀愀礀猀 氀愀琀攀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 愀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀 㠀 欀洀 昀爀漀洀 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀Ⰰ 栀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 昀愀挀攀 琀漀 昀愀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The battle of Gujr&#257t must be reckoned as one of the most notable in the annals of British warfare in India. Never, perhaps, the British had amassed so many guns and men in any single battle. The British army now consisted of 56, 636 men - four infantry divisions, 11, 569 horse, 96 field-guns, and 67 siege-guns including ten 18-pounders and six 8-inch howitzers drawn by elephants. For this obvious reason the battle of Gujr&#257t has often been described as "the battle of guns. "</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀伀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 ㈀㄀ 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 愀爀洀礀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀爀愀搀攀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 最甀渀猀 漀瀀攀渀攀搀 昀椀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀甀猀 搀椀猀挀氀漀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀椀爀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 爀愀渀最攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 琀漀 愀 猀甀搀搀攀渀 栀愀氀琀 愀渀搀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 氀椀渀攀 漀昀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀 琀漀 昀椀爀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀攀搀 挀愀渀渀漀渀愀搀攀 漀昀 ㄀　　 最甀渀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀攀 漀昀 ㄀㠀ⴀ瀀漀甀渀搀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 㠀ⴀ椀渀挀栀 栀漀眀椀琀稀攀爀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀眀漀 栀漀甀爀猀 戀氀甀渀琀攀搀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀琀椀氀氀攀爀礀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 最甀渀猀 栀愀搀 猀瀀攀渀琀 甀瀀 琀栀攀椀爀 昀甀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 氀椀渀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 椀渀昀愀渀琀爀礀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 漀甀琀 漀昀 挀漀瘀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 眀愀猀 漀瘀攀爀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 昀攀眀 栀漀甀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 氀椀渀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 漀瘀攀爀眀栀攀氀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 昀氀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀氀搀 椀渀 挀漀渀昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 氀漀猀猀 眀愀猀 攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㌀Ⰰ 　　　 愀渀搀 㔀Ⰰ 　　　 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 㔀㌀ 最甀渀猀㬀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 挀愀猀甀愀氀琀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 㤀㘀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 愀渀搀 㜀　　 眀漀甀渀搀攀搀⸀ ∀吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ ∀ 挀漀洀洀攀渀琀攀搀 䰀漀爀搀 䐀愀氀栀漀甀猀椀攀Ⰰ ∀搀椀猀瀀氀愀礀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀欀椀氀氀Ⰰ 挀漀甀爀愀最攀 愀渀搀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 戀攀氀漀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀愀挀攀⸀ ∀ 圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀椀猀椀瘀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 愀琀 䜀甀樀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀 琀栀攀 栀漀猀琀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 攀渀搀攀搀 漀渀 ㄀㄀ 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㠀㐀㤀⸀ 匀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䌀栀愀琀愀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 昀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 猀甀爀爀攀渀搀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀眀漀爀搀猀 琀漀 䴀愀樀漀爀ⴀ䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䜀椀氀戀攀爀琀 渀攀愀爀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀氀瀀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 ㄀㐀琀栀 戀礀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 匀椀欀栀 愀爀洀礀⸀ ∀吀漀搀愀礀 椀猀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 搀攀愀搀Ⰰ ∀ 猀椀最栀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀搀椀攀爀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀礀 欀椀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀眀漀爀搀猀 愀渀搀 氀愀椀搀 琀栀攀洀 搀漀眀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 攀瘀攀爀ⴀ攀渀氀愀爀最椀渀最 栀攀愀瀀 漀昀 猀琀攀攀氀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lord Dalhousie proclaimed annexation of the Punjab on 29 March 1849. His foreign secretary, Henry Meirs Elliot, arrived at Lahore to obtain the signatures of the members of the Council of Regency and of the minor king, Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 Duleep Si&#7749gh. A <i>darb&#257r</i> was held in the Lahore Fort and, with the British troops lined up on his right and his helpless <i>sard&#257rs</i> on his left, the young Duleep Si&#7749gh affixed his signatures to the document which deprived him of his crown and kingdom.</p>਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="BIB">਍䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀愀渀搀愀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀倀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 䌀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 刀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀椀欀栀 圀愀爀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㔀㔀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"><i>The British Occupation of the Punjab</i>. Patiala, 1956<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䌀漀漀欀Ⰰ 䠀⸀ 䌀⸀ 䈀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 圀愀爀猀 ㄀㠀㐀㔀ⴀ㐀㤀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㔀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Gough, Sir C. and A. D. Innes, <i>The Sikhs and the Sikh Wars. </i> London, 1897<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䈀甀爀琀漀渀Ⰰ 刀⸀ 䜀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 䘀椀爀猀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀 匀椀欀栀 圀愀爀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 匀椀洀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀㄀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Cunningham, Joseph Davey, <i>A History of the Sikhs from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej</i>. London, 1849<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䬀栀甀猀栀眀愀渀琀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 㰀⼀椀㸀 瘀漀氀⸀ ㈀⸀ 倀爀椀渀挀攀琀漀渀 ㄀㤀㘀㘀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Harbans Singh, <i>The Heritage of the Sikhs. </i> Delhi, 1983<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 一椀樀樀愀爀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 匀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀渀最氀漀ⴀ匀椀欀栀 圀愀爀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㘀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Hasrat, Bikrama Jit, <i>Anglo-Sikh Relations 1799-1849. </i> Hoshiarpur, 1968<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 倀愀瀀攀爀猀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀 䠀漀猀栀椀愀爀瀀甀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀　㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Gupta, Hari Ram, <i>Panjab on the Eve of First Sikh War. </i> Chandigarh, 1956<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䈀⸀ 䨀⸀ 䠀愀猀爀愀琀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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